Therefore, the hygienic and medical aspects of the vole as a pest should be reflected in the risk assessment and the approval of pesticide bait products and control methods. In central Europe, the following zoonoses have been detected in common voles: tularaemia ( Francisella tularensis), leptospirosis (e.g., Leptospira grippotyphosa), and, more recently, the increasingly important tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis ( Borrelia burgdorferi), toxoplasmosis ( Toxoplasma gondii), Q fever ( Coxiella burnetii), hantavirus (haemorrhagic fever), and alveococcosis ( Echinococcus multilocularis). The increase in their population numbers allows for both the multiplication of disease vectors (ectoparasites) and the acceleration of the intensive circulation of the disease agent. However, voles not only cause crop-feeding damage, but they are also competent hosts of larval Ixodes ticks, and significant reservoirs of many pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, such as the tick-borne encephalitis virus, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Francisella, Rickettsia, and Salmonella. Traditionally, harmful pest rodents have been viewed as two distinct groups: either agricultural pests, or hygiene pests such as rats. This review may provide both historical lessons for current practice and new incentives for future research. The poisoning of nontarget animals by rodenticides is not a new phenomenon tied to synthetic pesticides poisoning by botanical extracts (strychnine) was documented more than 100 years ago. Zinc phosphide is the only active ingredient that has been used from the 1940s to the present, whereas anticoagulants were banned for vole control in 2011 owing to the high environmental risks.
Currently, there are only six preparations with three active ingredients registered in the CR. In the 1930’s, there were more than 100 various rodent preparations against the common vole, which were formulated as smoke generators, gases, baits, dusts, toxic mushy mass, and insecticide sprays. In the CR, systematic state monitoring was introduced in 1955. Published records of vole population outbreaks and heavy crop damage have been documented in the Czech literature since the turn of the 20th century, and even in crops planted in highly fragmented and diversified agricultural landscapes. The aim of this paper was to map the historical development of the monitoring and control practices of the common vole in the Czech Republic (CR) territory. The integrated management of a serious agricultural pest, the common vole ( Microtus arvalis), should be based on modern and empirically proven approaches.
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